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The following drawings may be downloaded in *.PDF (Portable Document File) format for reading on or printing from the Adobe Acrobat reader. You can download the Adobe Acrobat reader at www.adobe.com free of charge. You may need the most current version of the Acrobat reader to view/print the *.PDF files. If *.dxf format CAD drawings are needed, please contact your local Imo Pump sales associate. Drawing contents are subject to change without notice.
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In January 2015, in accordance with the revised MARPOL Annex VI, the sulphur content of bunker fuel was not allowed to exceed 0.1% in the SECA (IMO 2008). Fuels with a higher sulphur content may also be used in combination with emission reduction technology that reduces the sulphur emission to levels corresponding to the use of low sulphur fuels. The Baltic Sea and the North Sea are also designated as NECAs (NOx Emission Control Areas). In NECAs, the aim is to reduce NOx emissions from shipping by 80% by using a three-tier system from January 2021 onwards (IMO 2017). TIER 1 came into force in 2005, and TIER 2 in 2011 with approximately a 20% reduction in NOx emissions from shipping compared with TIER 1 (IMO 2008). These two emission standards apply globally. The more stringent TIER 3, which came into force in 2016, requires an approximately 80% reduction in NOx emissions from TIER 1. Only gradual reductions of NOx emissions are expected as the NECA regulations only apply to new ships or major modifications of existing ships.
The abatement costs for the shipping industry were heatedly debated before the 2015 SECA regulation. It was estimated prior to the regulation that the health benefits of SECA regulation would exceed the costs (reviewed in EMSA 2010). To support planning and decision making, the cost efficiency of environmental regulations should also be estimated after the regulation comes into force. (Kalli et al. 2013; Lähteenmäki-Uutela et al. 2017; Åström et al. (2018).
In this paper, we focus on the monetary valuation of changes in acidification and eutrophication by applying values that are available from the literature (Turner et al. 2004; Ahlroth 2014; Pizzol et al. 2015), as the monetisation of the environmental benefits of SECA regulation has not been done. Monetary valuation methods are controversial but useful as they provide more quantitative information than non-monetary methods by enabling easily understandable and comparable estimates of the costs of policy actions (Ahlroth 2014; Pizzol et al. 2015, 2017).
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The evaluation of the exhaust emissions of marine traffic was based on the messages provided by the Automatic Identification System (AIS), which enables the identification and location determination of ships. The emissions are computed based on the relationship of the instantaneous speed to the design speed and technical information of the engines of the ships with a Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (Jalkanen et al. 2009). For the Baltic Sea, ship emissions for 2014 (pre 0.1% SECA) and 2016 (0.1% SECA) are used in the EMEP model calculations. For the remaining sea areas, ship emissions for the year 2015 are used, see Johansson et al. (2017). As the EMEP calculations are made for several meteorological years, monthly averaged emissions are used in this study.
If a deposition is higher than the CL at a site, the CL is said to be exceeded. For CLeutN, the exceedance is the difference between total deposition of N and CLeutN (set to zero, if negative). For acidity, the exceedance is a well-defined distance measure from the critical load function (see Posch et al. 2015). To obtain a single exceedance number for a grid cell (or any other region), the so-called average accumulated exceedance (AAE) is used, defined as the weighted mean of the exceedances of all ecosystems within the grid cell, with the weights being the respective ecosystem areas (Posch et al. 2015). The current European CL database for acidity and eutrophication CLs was used (Hettelingh et al. 2017).
Sulphur emissions originate from several sources mainly from industry and traffic, of which shipping is one part. Industry and land-based traffic have successfully decreased their emission. This has greatly reduced the size of the area in Europe where sulphur deposition exceeds critical loads, but shipping has been lagging behind (Amann et al. 2011). The implementation of the IMO MARRPOL Annex VI regulations has led to a steep decrease in SOx emissions from shipping (Johansson et al. 2013; Jonson et al. 2015; IMO 2017; HELCOM 2018 pp. 41, 42).
Excess nitrogen causes eutrophication in freshwater and affects species decomposition on terrestrial ecosystems leading to loss of biodiversity (e.g. Rabalais 2002; Stevens et al. 2010); this is supported by the results of the critical load analysis which shows that the CLs are exceeded in the southern part of the BSR and this will continue in the future. Thus, more stringent regulation is needed, and in 2021, the NECA will be tightened (IMO 2017). Since the volume of maritime traffic has remained approximately the same and NOx emissions have even increased in some areas, this shows that the current level of NOx regulation is not sufficient, mainly because it only concerns new ships (Fig. 4). However, it will be more successful in coming years when the fleet is renewed with TIER III vessels.
In policy assessments, all categories of environmental and health aspects should be included and not just human health (Lähteenmäki-Uutela et al. 2017). This is the first attempt to monetarise the environmental benefits of SECA regulation, and we noticed that there is a lot of uncertainty in the monetarization methods. There are no good estimates for the acidification of the Baltic Sea, and we were forced to use the same coefficients as for land areas. Another message is the need to develop valuation of different types of ecosystems, as it is needed in political discussion of environmental protection.
IMO, or Instant Messaging Online, is a popular app used by millions of people worldwide to communicate with each other. The app offers a range of features, including voice and video calling, instant messaging, and file sharing. In this article, we will discuss the pros and cons of using IMO old version 2017, which is still used by some people today.
For those who are familiar with the previous interface when it was the imo interface in 2017 and now the interface in 2023 is completely different. Now imo is very complex and many functions have been added to enhance the functions, if you have been using imo for a long time, it may seem complicated to you now, but there are similar ones.
In 2017 the status of the network was not so updated. Then according to whom this app is made so that a powerful app can be managed. But now in 2023, the current network is much stronger than in 2017. So the apps that were there at that time were created with the data capacity of the mobile, it will use additional data and the internet speed of very low quality will be able to perform very well these apps.
MO Old Version 2017 can be used very well on older devices, which may not be able to support the latest version of the app. This can be helpful for people who have old phones or tablets but still want to use IMO. Update imo will not work on older devices. Update imo is based on new powerful phones. So if you have old phone then imo best.
Caution should be taken while using old apps, because over time, developers fix apps with security, design, and other issues. Apps update their security along with technology updates. In that case if 2017 apps are used in 2023 then it can be said that there may be security issues.
The mandatory Polar Code, for ships operating in Arctic and Antarctic waters, enters into force on 1 January 2017, marking a historic milestone in the work of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to address this key issue. Its requirements, which were specifically tailored for the polar environments, go above and beyond those of existing IMO conventions such as MARPOL and SOLAS, which are applicable globally and will still apply to shipping in polar waters.
The safety provisions of the Polar Code will apply to new ships constructed after 1 January 2017. Ships constructed before 1 January 2017 will be required to meet the relevant requirements of the Polar Code by the first intermediate or renewal survey, whichever occurs first, after 1 January 2018.
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